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Abstract :
[en] Canine idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (CIPF) is a progressive parenchymal lung disease of unknown origin and poorly understood pathophysiology that mainly occurs in old West Highland white terriers
(WHWTs). Not all dogs from the WHWT breed develop CIPF, which
suggests the involvement of triggering factors in the onset and/or
progression of the disease. To assess potential triggers, an online
questionnaire–based survey was submitted to WHWTs owners. The
questionnaire was accessible during a 3-month period in 3 different
languages (English, French, and Dutch) and was distributed to
WHWTs owners and breeders through social medial and emails.
Questions were divided into sections regarding owner, dog (clinical
and diagnostic data for CIPF), environment (house and surroundings,
compost, ventilation, air conditioning, humidification, asbestosis,
smoking, and household maintenance), grooming, and veterinary care
(vaccination, deworming, and comorbidities). Completed questionnaires were received from 458 WHWTs owners from various countries including principally USA (n=193), Australia (n=62), France
(n=56), UK (n=39), and Belgium (n=30). Thirty-eight questionnaires
were discarded due to lack of essential data resulting in a total amount
of 420 exploitable responses, 138 of which concerning a CIPF
affected WHWT. Median age reported at CIPF diagnosis was
11.5 years (range 2– 6.8). Inspiratory crackles were noticed in 82.3%
of dogs. Seventy-three out of 138 (52.9%) CIPF WHWTs were dead
at the time of questionnaire completion. The overall survival time after
diagnosis was 1.4 years (0–8.5). Cause of death was CIPF-related in
76.7% of cases. In order to assess potential triggers associated with
CIPF, each CIPF dog was matched to one unaffected WHWT by age.
Univariate logistic regression analysis was used for group comparison
(CIPF vs. CTRL). Statistical significance was set at a P-value ≤ 0.05.
Parameters significantly associated with CIPF included genetic relationship with another dog affected with CIPF (P=0.025), living in an
old house (P=0.012), absence of a ventilation system (P<0.0001), and
frequent grooming in dedicated facilities (P=0.001). CIPF dogs were at
increased risk of cardiac disease (P=0.001), most likely due to the
development of secondary pulmonary hypertension, and at decreased
risk of endocrine disease (P=0.01) compared with CTRL. The preliminary results of this survey suggest an association between CIPF,
genetic background and environmental factors such as old nonventilated houses or grooming habits. Further analysis of the results
of the questionnaire are ongoing
