Publications and communications of Anne Thoul

Jermyn, A. S., Bauer, E. B., Schwab, J., Farmer, R., Ball, W. H., Bellinger, E. P., Dotter, A., Joyce, M., Marchant, P., Mombarg, J. S. G., Wolf, W. M., Sunny Wong, T. L., Cinquegrana, G. C., Farrell, E., Smolec, R., Thoul, A., Cantiello, M., Herwig, F., Toloza, O., ... Timmes, F. X. (March 2023). Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Time-dependent Convection, Energy Conservation, Automatic Differentiation, and Infrastructure. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 265 (1), 15. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acae8d

Thoul, A., & Chidester, M. (2022). Fun and Games with Convective Boundaries - lab2.

Thoul, A., & Chidester, M. (2022). Fun and Games with Convective Boundaries - lab1.

Thoul, A., & Chidester, M. (2022). Fun and Games with Convective Boundaries - lab3.

Chidester, M. T., Timmes, F. X., Schwab, J., Townsend, R. H. D., Farag, E., Thoul, A., Fields, C. E., Bauer, E. B., & Montgomery, M. H. (20 March 2021). On the Impact of 22Ne on the Pulsation Periods of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs with Helium-dominated Atmospheres. Astrophysical Journal, 910, 24. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abdec4

González, J. F., Briquet, M., Przybilla, N., Nieva, M.-F., De Cat, P., Saesen, S., Hubrig, S., Thoul, A., Pápics, P. I., Palaversa, L., Naef, D., Neveu-Van Malle, M., Järvinen, S., Pollard, K. R., Kilmartin, P., Mowlavi, N., & Butler, K. (01 June 2019). HD 96446: a long-period binary with a strongly magnetic He-rich primary with β Cephei pulsations. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 626. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935177

Paxton, B., Smolec, R., Schwab, J., Gautschy, A., Bildsten, L., Cantiello, M., Dotter, A., Farmer, R., Goldberg, J. A., Jermyn, A. S., Kanbur, S. M., Marchant, P., Thoul, A., Townsend, R. H. D., Wolf, W. M., Zhang, M., & Timmes, F. X. (2019). Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Pulsating Variable Stars, Rotation, Convective Boundaries, and Energy Conservation. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab2241

Aerts, C., Pedersen, M. G., Vermeyen, E., Hendriks, L., Johnston, C., Tkachenko, A., Pápics, P. I., Debosscher, J., Briquet, M., Thoul, A., Rainer, M., & Poretti, E. (2019). Combined asteroseismology, spectroscopy, and astrometry of the CoRoT B2V target HD 170580. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 624, 75. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834762

Paxton, B., Schwab, J., Bauer, E. B., Bildsten, L., Blinnikov, S., Duffell, P., Farmer, R., Goldberg, J. A., Marchant, P., Sorokina, E., Thoul, A., Townsend, R. H. D., & Timmes, F. X. (2018). Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA): Convective Boundaries, Element Diffusion, and Massive Star Explosions. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, 234 (2). doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aaa5a8

Timmes, F. X., Townsend, R. H. D., Bauer, E. B., Thoul, A., Fields, C. E., & Wolf, W. M. (2018). The Impact of White Dwarf Luminosity Profiles on Oscillation Frequencies. Astrophysical Journal. Letters, 867 (2). doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aae70f

Hrudková, M., Hatzes, A., Karjalainen, R., Lehmann, H., Hekker, S., Hartmann, M., Tkachenko, A., Prins, S., Van Winckel, H., De Nutte, R., Dumortier, L., Frémat, Y., Hensberge, H., Jorissen, A., Lampens, P., Laverick, M., Lombaert, R., Pápics, P. I., Raskin, G., ... Waelkens, C. (01 January 2017). The discovery of a planetary candidate around the evolved low-mass Kepler giant star HD 175370. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 464, 1018-1028. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2379

Fossati, L., Zwintz, K., Castro, N., Langer, N., Lorenz, D., Schneider, F. R. N., Kuschnig, R., Matthews, J. M., Alecian, E., Wade, G. A., Barnes, T. G., & Thoul, A. (01 January 2014). Two spotted and magnetic early B-type stars in the young open cluster NGC2264 discovered by MOST and ESPaDOnS. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 1401, 5494. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323214

Thoul, A. (December 2013). Asteroseismology of B stars with MESA [Paper presentation]. International Francqui Symposium - What asteroseismology has to offer to astrophysics, Brussels, Belgium.

Thoul, A., Degroote, P., Catala, C., Aerts, C., Morel, T., Briquet, M., Hillen, M., Raskin, G., Van Winckel, H., Auvergne, M., Baglin, A., Baudin, F., & Michel, E. (March 2013). High-precision CoRoT space photometry and fundamental parameter determination of the B2.5V star HD 48977. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 551, 12. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118756

Aerts, C., Briquet, M., Degroote, P., Thoul, A., & van Hoolst, T. (01 October 2011). Seismic modelling of the β Cephei star HD 180642 (V1449 Aquilae). Astronomy and Astrophysics, 534, 98. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117629

Hu, H., Glebbeek, E., Thoul, A., Dupret, M.-A., Stancliffe, R. J., Nelemans, G., & Aerts, C. (01 February 2010). Gravitational settling in pulsating subdwarf B stars and their progenitors. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 511, 87. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912290

Degroote, P., Aerts, C., Ollivier, M., Miglio, A., Debosscher, J., Cuypers, J., Briquet, M., Montalban Iglesias, J., Thoul, A., De Cat, P., Balaguer-Núñez, L., Maceroni, C., Ribas, I., Auvergne, M., Baglin, A., Deleuil, M., Weiss, W. W., Jorda, L., Baudin, F., ... Noels-Grötsch, A. (01 October 2009). CoRoT's view of newly discovered B-star pulsators: results for 358 candidate B pulsators from the initial run's exoplanet field data. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 506, 471-489. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911884

Degroote, P., Miglio, A., Debosscher, J., Montalban Iglesias, J., Cuypers, J., Briquet, M., De Cat, P., Thoul, A., Morel, T., Niemczura, E., Balaguer-Nunez, L., Maceroni, C., Ribas, I., Noels-Grötsch, A., Aerts, C., Auvergne, M., Baglin, A., Catala, C., Deleuil, M., ... Samadi, R. (01 July 2009). Space observations of B stars with CoRoT. Communications in Asteroseismology, 158, 167.

Desmet, M., Briquet, M., Thoul, A., Zima, W., De Cat, P., Handler, G., Ilyin, I., Kambe, E., Krzesinski, J., Lehmann, H., Masuda, S., Mathias, P., Mkrtichian, D. E., Telting, J., Uytterhoeven, K., Yang, S. L. S., & Aerts, C. (01 July 2009). An asteroseismic study of the β Cephei star 12 Lacertae: multisite spectroscopic observations, mode identification and seismic modelling. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 396, 1460-1472. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14790.x

Miglio, A., Montalban Iglesias, J., & Thoul, A. (2009). Testing the forward approach in modelling β Cephei pulsators: setting the stage. Communications in Asteroseismology.

Belkacem, K., Samadi, R., Goupil, M.-J., Lefèvre, L., Baudin, F., Deheuvels, S., Dupret, M.-A., Appourchaux, T., Scuflaire, R., Auvergne, M., Catala, C., Michel, E., Miglio, A., Montalban Iglesias, J., Thoul, A., Talon, S. L. S., Baglin, A., & Noels-Grötsch, A. (19 June 2009). Solar-Like Oscillations in a Massive Star. Science, 324, 1540-1542. doi:10.1126/science.1171913

Thoul, A. (01 March 2009). Asteroseismology of B stars. Communications in Asteroseismology, 159, 35-41.

Michel, E., Baglin, A., Weiss, W. W., Auvergne, M., Catala, C., Aerts, C., Appourchaux, T., Barban, C., Baudin, F., Briquet, M., Carrier, F., Degroote, P., De Ridder, J., Garcia, R. A., Garrido, R., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Kallinger, T., Lefevre, L., Neiner, C., ... Zwintz, K. (01 December 2008). First asteroseismic results from CoRoT. Communications in Asteroseismology, 156, 73-87.

Michel, E., Baglin, A., Auvergne, M., Catala, C., Samadi, R., Baudin, F., Appourchaux, T., Barban, C., Weiss, W. W., Berthomieu, G., Boumier, P., Dupret, M.-A., Garcia, R. A., Fridlund, M., Garrido, R., Goupil, M.-J., Kjeldsen, H., Lebreton, Y., Mosser, B., ... Zwintz, K. (01 October 2008). CoRoT Measures Solar-Like Oscillations and Granulation in Stars Hotter Than the Sun. Science, 322, 558. doi:10.1126/science.1163004

Scuflaire, R., Théado, S., Montalban Iglesias, J., Miglio, A., Bourge, P.-O., Godart, M., Thoul, A., & Noels-Grötsch, A. (01 August 2008). CLÉS, Code Liégeois d'Évolution Stellaire. Astrophysics and Space Science, 316, 83-91. doi:10.1007/s10509-007-9650-1

Scuflaire, R., Montalban Iglesias, J., Théado, S., Bourge, P.-O., Miglio, A., Godart, M., Thoul, A., & Noels-Grötsch, A. (2008). The Liège Oscillation code. Astrophysics and Space Science, 316, 149-154. doi:10.1007/s10509-007-9577-6

Bourge, P.-O., Théado, S., & Thoul, A. (01 June 2007). Effects of diffusion in β Cephei stars. Communications in Asteroseismology, 150, 203. doi:10.1553/cia150s203

Briquet, M., Morel, T., Thoul, A., Scuflaire, R., Miglio, A., Montalban Iglesias, J., Dupret, M.-A., & Aerts, C. (2007). An asteroseismic study of the β cephei star θ ophiuchi : constraints on global stellar parameters and core overshooting. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 381 (4), 1482-1488. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12142.x

Thoul, A., & Montalban Iglesias, J. (2007). Microscopic Diffusion in Stellar Plasmas. European Astronomical Society Publications Series, 26, 25-36. doi:10.1051/eas:2007123

Michel, E., Baglin, A., Auvergne, M., Catala, C., Aerts, C., Alecian, G., Amado, P., Appourchaux, T., Ausseloos, M., Ballot, J., Barban, C., Baudin, F., Berthomieu, G., Boumier, P., Bohm, T., Briquet, M., Charpinet, S., Cunha, M. S., De Cat, P., ... Zwintz, K. (2006). The Seismology Programme of CoRoT. In Proceedings of "The CoRoT Mission Pre-Launch Status - Stellar Seismology and Planet Finding (pp. 39).

Bourge, P.-O., Alecian, G., Thoul, A., Scuflaire, R., & Theado, S. (01 January 2006). Radiative forces and pulsation in beta Cephei stars. Communications in Asteroseismology, 147, 105-108. doi:10.1553/cia147s105

Godart, M., Scuflaire, R., Thoul, A., & Noels-Grötsch, A. (01 January 2006). Polytropes as simple models of beta Cephei stars. Communications in Asteroseismology, 147, 117-120. doi:10.1553/cia147s117

Ausseloos, M., Scuflaire, R., Thoul, A., & Aerts, C. (01 December 2004). Asteroseismology of the β Cephei star ν Eridani: massive exploration of standard and non-standard stellar models to fit the oscillation data. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 355, 352-358. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08320.x

Thoul, A. (December 2004). Seismic Diagrams for beta Cephei stars; A database for COROT [Paper presentation]. Seventh Corot Science Week, Granada, Spain.

Thoul, A., Scuflaire, R., Ausseloos, M., Aerts, C., & Noels-Grötsch, A. (01 June 2004). Asteroseismology of the Beta Cephei star HD 129929. Effects of a change in the metal mixture. Communications in Asteroseismology, 144, 35-40.

Aerts, C., Waelkens, C., Daszynska-Daszkiewicz, J., Dupret, M.-A., Thoul, A., Scuflaire, R., Uytterhoeven, K., Niemczura, E., & Noels-Grötsch, A. (01 February 2004). Asteroseismology of the beta Cep star HD 129929. I. Observations, oscillation frequencies and stellar parameters. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 415, 241-249. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034142

Dupret, M.-A., Thoul, A., Scuflaire, R., Daszynska-Daszkiewicz, J., Aerts, C., Bourge, P.-O., Waelkens, C., & Noels-Grötsch, A. (01 February 2004). Asteroseismology of the beta Cep star HD 129929. II. Seismic constraints on core overshooting, internal rotation and stellar parameters. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 415, 251-257. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20034143

Aerts, C., Scuflaire, R., & Thoul, A. (2004). Derivation of the rotational frequency of massive stars from seismic studies. In Stellar Rotation. 215 (pp. 199-204). San Francisco, United States - California: Astronomical Soc Pacific.

Aerts, C., Waelkens, C., Daszynska-Daszkiewicz, J., Dupret, M.-A., Thoul, A., Scuflaire, R., Uytterhoeven, K., Niemczura, E., & Noels-Grötsch, A. (01 November 2003). Geneva photometry of HD 129929 (Aerts+, 2004). SIMBAD, 341, 50241.

Thoul, A., Aerts, C., Dupret, M.-A., Scuflaire, R., Korotin, S. A., Egorova, I. A., Andrievsky, S. M., Lehmann, H., Briquet, M., De Ridder, J., & Noels-Grötsch, A. (01 July 2003). Seismic modelling of the beta Cep star EN (16) Lacertae. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 406 (1), 287-292. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030757

Thoul, A., Ausseloos, M., Barban, C., Briquet, M., Bourge, P.-O., Cuypers, J., Daszynska-Daszkiewicz, J., De Cat, P., De Ridder, J., Dupret, M.-A., Montalban Iglesias, J., Noels-Grötsch, A., Scuflaire, R., Uytterhoeven, K., & Aerts, C. (01 July 2003). A Hare and Hound in a BAG: Asteroseismology of Beta Cephei stars. Communications in Asteroseismology, 143, 25-28.

Aerts, C., Thoul, A., Daszynska, J., Scuflaire, R., Waelkens, C., Dupret, M.-A., Niemczura, E., & Noels-Grötsch, A. (01 June 2003). Asteroseismology of HD 129929: Core Overshooting and Nonrigid Rotation. Science, 300, 1926-1928. doi:10.1126/science.1084993

Thoul, A., Scuflaire, R., Noels-Grötsch, A., Vatovez, B., Briquet, M., Dupret, M.-A., & Montalban Iglesias, J. (01 April 2003). A new seismic analysis of Alpha Centauri. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 402 (1), 293-297. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20030244

Aerts, C., Lehmann, H., Briquet, M., Scuflaire, R., Dupret, M.-A., De Ridder, J., & Thoul, A. (01 February 2003). Spectroscopic mode identification for the beta Cephei star EN (16) Lacertae. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 399, 639-645. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021750

Dupret, M.-A., De Ridder, J., De Cat, P., Aerts, C., Scuflaire, R., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Thoul, A. (01 February 2003). A photometric mode identification method, including an improved non-adiabatic treatment of the atmosphere. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 398, 677-685. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20021679

Aerts, C., Lehmann, H., Scuflaire, R., Dupret, M.-A., Briquet, M., De Ridder, J., & Thoul, A. (2003). Mode Identification and Seismic Modelling of the Cep Star EN(16)Lac. In Asteroseismology Across the HR Diagram (pp. 493-496).

Dupret, M.-A., Scuflaire, R., Noels-Grötsch, A., Thoul, A., Garrido, R., Moya, A., De Ridder, J., De Cat, P., & Aerts, C. (2003). An Improved Method of Photometric Mode Identification: Applications to Slowly Pulsating B, beta Cephei, delta Scuti and gamma Doradus Stars. Astrophysics and Space Science, 284, 129-132. doi:10.1023/A:1023262813348

Thoul, A., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Noels-Grötsch, A., Parmentier, G., Jorissen, A., & Goriely, S. (2003). Accretion of Gas by Globular Cluster Stars. In G. Piotto, M. Meylan, G. Djorgovski, ... M. Riello (Eds.), New Horizons in Globular Cluster Astronomy (pp. 315).

Thoul, A., Scuflaire, R., Vatovez, B., Noels-Grötsch, A., Magain, P., Briquet, M., & Dupret, M.-A. (2003). p-mode Oscillations of alpha Cen A. Astrophysics and Space Science, 284, 241-244. doi:10.1023/A:1023251921526

Parmentier, G., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Thoul, A. (2002). Evidence For a Self-Enrichment Process in Galactic Halo Globular Clusters. In E. Grebel & W. Bradner (Eds.), Modes of Star Formation and the Origin of Field Populations (pp. 234). San Francisco, United States - California: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

Parmentier, G., Magain, P., Noels-Grötsch, A., Thoul, A., & Jehin, E. (2002). Metallicity Gradients in Globular Cluster Systems : the Trace of a Self-Enrichment Process ? In E. K. Geisler, E. Grebel, ... D. Minniti (Eds.), Extragalactic Star Clusters (pp. 733). San Francisco, United States - California: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

Thoul, A., Jorissen, A., Goriely, S., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Parmentier, G. (01 February 2001). Accretion of gas by globular cluster stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 383, 491-501. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20011789

Thoul, A., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Parmentier, G. (2001). What Happens to the Gas in Globular Clusters? In S. Deiters, B. Fuchs, A. Spurzem, ... R. Wielen (Eds.), Dynamics of Star Clusters and the Milky Way (pp. 571). San Francisco, United States - California: Astronomical Society of the Pacific.

Parmentier, G., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Thoul, A. (01 November 2000). The Old Halo metallicity gradient: the trace of a self-enrichment process. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 363, 526-536.

Jehin, E., Magain, P., Noels-Grötsch, A., Parmentier, G., & Thoul, A. (2000). Abundance correlations in thick disk and halo stars. In A. Noels-Grötsch, P. Magain, D. Caro, E. Jehin, G. Parmentier, ... A. Thoul (Eds.), Liege International Astrophysical Colloquia (pp. 151-158).

Jehin, E., Noels-Grötsch, A., Magain, P., Parmentier, G., & Thoul, A. (2000). Puzzling locations of mildly metal-poor stars in the HR diagram. In A. Noels-Grötsch, P. Magain, D. Caro, E. Jehin, G. Parmentier, ... A. Thoul (Eds.), Liege International Astrophysical Colloquia (pp. 231-235).

Parmentier, G., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Neuforge, C., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Thoul, A. (2000). On the possibility of self-enrichement in globular clusters. In A. Noels-Grötsch, P. Magain, D. Caro, E. Jehin, G. Parmentier, ... A. Thoul (Eds.), Liege International Astrophysical Colloquia (pp. 561-565).

Parmentier, G., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Thoul, A. (2000). The metallicity gradient of the old halo. In A. Noels-Grötsch, P. Magain, D. Caro, E. Jehin, G. Parmentier, ... A. Thoul (Eds.), Liege International Astrophysical Colloquia (pp. 623-626).

Parmentier, G., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Thoul, A. (2000). Observational Constraints on a Self-Enrichment Model in Galactic Halo Globular Clusters. In F. Favata, A. Kaas, ... A. Wilson (Eds.), Star Formation from the Small to the Large Scale (pp. 483-486).

Thoul, A., Jorissen, A., Goriely, S., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Noels, A., & Parmentier, G. (2000). Accretion from AGB winds. Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana, 71, 791-794.

Thoul, A., Jorissen, A., Goriely, S., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Parmentier, G. (2000). Accretion processes onto globular cluster stars. In A. Noels-Grötsch, P. Magain, D. Caro, E. Jehin, G. Parmentier, ... A. Thoul (Eds.), Liege International Astrophysical Colloquia (pp. 567-573).

Parmentier, G., Jehin, E., Magain, P., Neuforge, C., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Thoul, A. (01 December 1999). The self-enrichment of galactic halo globular clusters. A clue to their formation? Astronomy and Astrophysics, 352, 138-148.

Jehin, E., Magain, P., Neuforge, C., Noels-Grötsch, A., Parmentier, G., & Thoul, A. (01 January 1999). Abundance correlations in mildly metal-poor stars. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 341, 241-255.

Jehin, E., Magain, P., Neuforge, C., Noels-Grötsch, A., & Thoul, A. (01 February 1998). Field halo stars: the globular cluster connection. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 330, 33-L36.

Haiman, Z., Thoul, A., & Loeb, A. (1996). Cosmological formation of low-mass objects. Astrophysical Journal, 464 (2), 523-538. doi:10.1086/177343

Thoul, A., & Weinberg, D. H. (1996). Hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation .2. Photoionization and the formation of low-mass galaxies. Astrophysical Journal, 465 (2), 608-616. doi:10.1086/177446

Thoul, A. (1995). Hydrodynamic simulations of galaxy formation. In Dark Matter (pp. 437-440). AIP Conference Proceedings.

Thoul, A., & WEINBERG, D. H. (1995). HYDRODYNAMIC SIMULATIONS OF GALAXY FORMATION .1. DISSIPATION AND THE MAXIMUM MASS OF GALAXIES. Astrophysical Journal, 442 (2), 480-491. doi:10.1086/175455

Thoul, A., BAHCALL, J. N., & LOEB, A. (1994). ELEMENT DIFFUSION IN THE SOLAR INTERIOR. Astrophysical Journal, 421 (2), 828-842. doi:10.1086/173695

Thoul, A., SIMILON, P. L., & SUDAN, R. N. (1994). ANOMALOUS PERTURBATIVE TRANSPORT IN TOKAMAKS DUE TO DRIFT-WAVE TURBULENCE. Physics of Plasmas, 1 (3), 579-600. doi:10.1063/1.870803

Thoul, A., SIMILON, P. L., & SUDAN, R. N. (1994). ANOMALOUS PERTURBATIVE TRANSPORT IN TOKAMAKS DUE TO DRIFT-ALVEN-WAVE TURBULENCE. Physics of Plasmas, 1 (3), 601-608. doi:10.1063/1.870804

Thoul, A., Similon, P. L., & Sudan, R. N. (1988). ANOMALOUS ELECTRON HEAT-TRANSPORT DRIVEN BY LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC TURBULENCE - REPLY [letter to the editor]. Physical Review Letters, 60 (10), 967-967. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.967

Thoul, A., Similon, P. L., & Sudan, R. N. (1987). ANOMALOUS ELECTRON HEAT-TRANSPORT DRIVEN BY LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC TURBULENCE. Physical Review Letters, 59 (13), 1448-1451. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1448