[en] The smart city concept has emerged as a key subject pursued by local governments. Yet, it is not clear how policymakers narrow down the topics to focus on with respect to their smart city agenda. As a result, the aim of this paper is to propose a theoretical contribution that explains how local governments define their smart city policy agenda. It is suggested that the agenda is influenced by policy priorities at the local level from other urban domains. To support this notion, policy studies literature is used to show that three streams of problems, policy, and politics, when aligned, set the policy agenda. The smart city agenda will be formed from key ideas existing at the local political level, such as policy priorities, that have now been matched with solutions framed in the smart city context, all underpinned by a favourable political environment. In addition, from smart city policy related documents, a topic modelling analysis illustrates a set of topics that are associated to the smart city policy agenda in two cities, London and Melbourne. This shows how some topics on the smart city agenda can be likened to issues that are the primary topic of another policy domain.
Centre de recherche :
Smart City Institute
Disciplines :
Sciences économiques & de gestion: Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres
Angelidou, M., Four European Smart City Strategies. Int J Soc Sci Stud 4:4 (2016), 18–30.
Angelidou, M., The Role of Smart City Characteristics in the Plans of Fifteen Cities. Journal of Urban Technology 24:4 (2017), 3–28, 10.1080/10630732.2017.1348880.
Anthopoulos, L., Smart utopia VS smart reality: learning by experience from 10 smart city cases. Cities 63 (2017), 128–148, 10.1016/j.cities.2016.10.005.
Baekgaard, M., Mortensen, P.B., Seeberg, H.B., The bureaucracy and the policy agenda. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 28:2 (2018), 239–253, 10.1093/jopart/mux045.
Barca, F., An Agenda for a Reformed Cohesion Policy: A place-based approach to meeting European Union challenges and expectations, 2009 https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2009_2014/documents/regi/dv/barca_report_/barca_report_en.pdf.
Barns, S., Smart cities and urban data platforms: designing interfaces for smart governance. City, Culture and Society 12 (2018), 5–12, 10.1016/j.ccs.2017.09.006.
Baumgartner, F., & Jones, B. (1993). Agendas and Instability in American PoliticsF. Baumgartner & B. Jones (eds.). The University of Chicago Press.
Baumgartner, F., Jones, B., Wilkerson, J, Studying Policy Dynamics. Baumgartner, F., Jones, B., (eds.) Policy Dynamics, 2002, University of Chicago Press, 37–56.
Béland, D., Kingdon Reconsidered: ideas, Interests and Institutions in Comparative Policy Analysis. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 18:3 (2016), 228–242, 10.1080/13876988.2015.1029770.
Béland, D., Howlett, M., The Role and Impact of the Multiple-Streams Approach in Comparative Policy Analysis. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 18:3 (2016), 221–227, 10.1080/13876988.2016.1174410.
Ben Letaifa, S., How to strategize smart cities: revealing the SMART model. J Bus Res 68:7 (2015), 1414–1419, 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.024.
Bibri, S.E., Krogstie, J., Smart sustainable cities of the future: an extensive interdisciplinary literature review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 31, 2017, Elsevier Ltd, 183–212, 10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.016.
Bibri, S.E., Krogstie, J., The emerging data–driven Smart City and its innovative applied solutions for sustainability: the cases of London and Barcelona. Energy Informatics 3:1 (2020), 1–42, 10.1186/s42162-020-00108-6.
Bird, S., Loper, E., Klein, E., Natural Language Processing With Python. 2009, O'Reilly Media Inc. https://www.nltk.org/.
Blei, D.M., Lafferty, J.D., Dynamic Topic Models. Proceedings of the 23 Rd International Conference on Machine Learning, 2006.
Blei, D.M., Ng, A.Y., Edu, J.B., Latent Dirichlet Allocation Michael I. Jordan. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3, 2003.
Burstein, P., Policy Domains: organization, Culture, and Policy Outcomes. Annu Rev Sociol 17:1 (1991), 327–350, 10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.001551.
Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C, Smartness and European urban performance: assessing the local impacts of smart urban attributes. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 25:2 (2012), 97–113, 10.1080/13511610.2012.660323.
Caragliu, A., Del Bo, C, Do smart city policies work?. Daniotti, B., Gianinetto, M., Della Torre, S., (eds.) Digital Transformation of the Design, Construction and Management Processes of the Built Environment, 2020, Springer, 149–159, 10.1007/978-3-030-33570-0_14.
Caragliu, A., del Bo, C., Nijkamp, P., Smart cities in Europe. Journal of Urban Technology 18:2 (2011), 65–82, 10.1080/10630732.2011.601117.
Carter, E., Adam, P., Tsakis, D., Shaw, S., Watson, R., Ryan, P., Enhancing pedestrian mobility in Smart Cities using Big Data. Journal of Management Analytics 7:2 (2020), 173–188, 10.1080/23270012.2020.1741039.
City of London. Smart London Plan. 2013 https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/smart_london_plan.pdf.
City of Melbourne. Melbourne As a Smart City. n.d. 2020 Retrieved July 30from https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/about-melbourne/melbourne-profile/smart-city/Pages/smart-city.aspx.
City of Melbourne. A Knowledge City Strategy: Strengthening Melbourne's Knowledge Sector Through Collaboration. 2014.
City of Melbourne. IBM Smarter Cities Challenge converges On Melbourne. 2016, April 18, City of Melbourne https://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/news-and-media/Pages/ibm-smarter-cities-challenge-converges-on-melbourne.aspx.
Dameri, R.P., Benevolo, C., Veglianti, E., Li, Y., Understanding smart cities as a glocal strategy: a comparison between Italy and China. Technol Forecast Soc Change 142 (2019), 26–41, 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.025.
Dayeen, F.R., Sharma, A.S., Derrible, S., A text mining analysis of the climate change literature in industrial ecology. J Ind Ecol 24:2 (2020), 276–284, 10.1111/jiec.12998.
De Guimarães, J.C.F., Severo, E.A., Felix Júnior, L.A., Da Costa, W.P.L.B., Salmoria, F.T., Governance and quality of life in smart cities: towards sustainable development goals. J Clean Prod, 253, 2020, 119926, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119926.
Desdemoustier, J., Crutzen, N., Giffinger, R., Municipalities’ understanding of the Smart City concept: an exploratory analysis in Belgium. Technol Forecast Soc Change 142 (2019), 129–141, 10.1016/j.techfore.2018.10.029.
Desouza, K.C., Hunter, M., Jacob, B., Yigitcanlar, T., Pathways to the Making of Prosperous Smart Cities: an Exploratory Study on the Best Practice. Journal of Urban Technology 27:3 (2020), 3–32, 10.1080/10630732.2020.1807251.
Dowling, R., McGuirk, P., Gillon, C., Strategic or Piecemeal? Smart City Initiatives in Sydney and Melbourne. Urban Policy and Research, 37:4 (2019), 429–441, 10.1080/08111146.2019.1674647.
Eden Strategy Institute, ONG&ONG Pte Ltd. Top 50 Smart City Governments. 2018 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5b3c517fec4eb767a04e73ff/t/5b513c57aa4a99f62d168e60/1532050650562/Eden-OXD_Top+50+Smart+City+Governments.pdf.
Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Meijers, E., Rudolf Giffinger, M., Christian Fertner, D.-.I., Hans Kramar are, D.-.I., City-ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities. 2007.
Gil-Garcia, J.R., Pardo, T.A., Nam, T., What makes a city smart? Identifying core components and proposing an integrative and comprehensive conceptualization. Information Polity 20:1 (2015), 61–87, 10.3233/IP-150354.
Greater London Authority. Smarter London Together. 2018 https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/smarter_london_together_v1.66_-_published.pdf.
Haarstad, H., Wathne, M.W., Are smart city projects catalyzing urban energy sustainability?. Energy Policy 129 (2019), 918–925, 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.03.001.
Howlett, M., Predictable and Unpredictable Policy Windows: institutional and Exogenous Correlates of Canadian Federal Agenda-Setting. Canadian Journal of Political Science 31:3 (1998), 495–524.
Howlett, M., McConnell, A., Perl, A., Moving Policy Theory Forward: connecting Multiple Stream and Advocacy Coalition Frameworks to Policy Cycle Models of Analysis. Australian Journal of Public Administration 76:1 (2017), 65–79, 10.1111/1467-8500.12191.
IESE Business School. IESE Cities in Motion Index. 2019, 10.15581/018.ST-509.
IMD. Smart City Index. 2019 https://www.imd.org/research-knowledge/reports/imd-smart-city-index-2019/.
Joss, S., Sengers, F., Schraven, D., Caprotti, F., Dayot, Y., The Smart City as Global Discourse: storylines and Critical Junctures across 27 Cities. Journal of Urban Technology 26:1 (2019), 3–34, 10.1080/10630732.2018.1558387.
Kingdon, J., Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies. 1984, Little, Brown and Company.
Kingdon, J., How Do Issues Get on Public Policy Agendas?. Wilson, W., (eds.) Sociology and the Public Agenda, 1993, SAGE Publications.
Komninos, N., Intelligent cities: variable geometries of spatial intelligence. Intelligent Buildings International 3:3 (2011), 172–188, 10.1080/17508975.2011.579339.
Lazaroiu, G.C., Roscia, M., Definition methodology for the smart cities model. Energy 47:1 (2012), 326–332, 10.1016/J.ENERGY.2012.09.028.
Leorke, D., Wyatt, D., Public Libraries in the Smart City. 2018, Palgrave Macmillan.
Magro, E., Wilson, J.R., Policy-mix evaluation: governance challenges from new place-based innovation policies. Res Policy, 48(10), 2019, 103612, 10.1016/j.respol.2018.06.010.
May, P.J., Sapotichne, J., Workman, S., Policy coherence and policy domains. Policy Studies Journal 34:3 (2006), 381–403, 10.1111/j.1541-0072.2006.00178.x.
Mora, L., Deakin, M., Reid, A., Angelidou, M., How to Overcome the Dichotomous Nature of Smart City Research: proposed Methodology and Results of a Pilot Study. Journal of Urban Technology 26:2 (2019), 89–128, 10.1080/10630732.2018.1525265.
Nam, T., Pardo, T.A., Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of Technology, People, and Institutions. The Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, 2011 www.unfpa.org.
Neirotti, P., De Marco, A., Cagliano, A.C., Mangano, G., Scorrano, F., Current trends in smart city initiatives: some stylised facts. Cities 38 (2014), 25–36, 10.1016/j.cities.2013.12.010.
Nicolas, C., Kim, J., Chi, S., Quantifying the dynamic effects of smart city development enablers using structural equation modeling. Sustainable Cities and Society, 53, 2020, 101916, 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101916.
Nicolas, C., Kim, J., Chi, S., Natural language processing-based characterization of top-down communication in smart cities for enhancing citizen alignment. Sustainable Cities and Society, 66, 2021, 102674, 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102674.
Normann, H.E., The role of politics in sustainable transitions: the rise and decline of offshore wind in Norway. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 15 (2015), 180–193, 10.1016/j.eist.2014.11.002.
Nunez-Mir, G.C., Iannone, B.V., Pijanowski, B.C., Kong, N., Fei, S., Automated content analysis: addressing the big literature challenge in ecology and evolution. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 7:11 (2016), 1262–1272, 10.1111/2041-210X.12602.
Rawat, P., Morris, J.C., Kingdon's “Streams” Model at Thirty: still Relevant in the 21st Century?. Politics & Policy 44:4 (2016), 608–638, 10.1111/polp.12168.
Řehůřek, R., Sojka, P., Software Framework for Topic Modelling with Large Corpora. Proceedings of the LREC 2010 Workshop on New Challenges for NLP Frameworks, 2010, ELRA, 45–50 http://is.muni.cz/publication/884893/en.
Ridde, V., Policy Implementation in an African State: an extension of Kingdon's Multiple-Streams Approach. Public Adm 87:4 (2009), 938–954, 10.1111/j.1467-9299.2009.01792.x.
Robinson, S.E., Eller, W.S., Participation in Policy Streams: testing the Separation of Problems and Solutions in Subnational Policy Systems. Policy Studies Journal 38:2 (2010), 199–216, 10.1111/j.1541-0072.2010.00358.x.
Sabatier, P.A., An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning therein. Policy Sci, 21, 1988.
Sievert, C., Shirley, K.E., LDAvis: a method for visualizing and interpreting topics. Proceedings of the Workshop on Interactive Language Learning, Visualization, and Interfaces, 2014, 63–70.
Smigiel, C., Urban political strategies in times of crisis: a multiscalar perspective on smart cities in Italy. Eur. Urban Reg. Stud. 26:4 (2019), 336–348, 10.1177/0969776418792049.
Tang, Z., Jayakar, K., Feng, X., Zhang, H., Peng, R.X., Identifying smart city archetypes from the bottom up: a content analysis of municipal plans. Telecomm Policy, 2019, 10.1016/j.telpol.2019.101834.
Vanolo, A., Smartmentality: the Smart City as Disciplinary Strategy. Urban Stud. 51:5 (2014), 883–898, 10.1177/0042098013494427.
Wathne, M.W., Haarstad, H., The smart city as mobile policy: insights on contemporary urbanism. Geoforum 108 (2020), 130–138, 10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.12.003.
Willems, J., Van den Bergh, J., Viaene, S., Smart City Projects and Citizen Participation: the Case of London. Public Sector Management in a Globalized World, 2017, Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 249–266, 10.1007/978-3-658-16112-5_12.
Yigitcanlar, T., Smart City Policies Revisited: considerations for a Truly Smart and Sustainable Urbanism Practice. World Technopolis Rev. 7 (2018), 97–112 http://web.2ver.com/HOME/data/download/soitmc/Reading1.pdf.
Yigitcanlar, T., Foth, M., Kamruzzaman, M., Towards Post-Anthropocentric Cities: reconceptualizing Smart Cities to Evade Urban Ecocide. J. Urban Technol. 26:2 (2019), 147–152, 10.1080/10630732.2018.1524249.
Yigitcanlar, T., Han, H., Kamruzzaman, M., Ioppolo, G., Sabatini-Marques, J., The making of smart cities: are Songdo, Masdar, Amsterdam, San Francisco and Brisbane the best we could build?. Land use policy, 88, 2019, 104187, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104187.
Yigitcanlar, T., Kankanamge, N., Butler, L., Vella, K., Desouza, K., Smart Cities Down Under: Performance of Australian Local Government Areas. 2020 https://eprints.qut.edu.au/136873/1/Smart_Cities_Down_Under_2020_Report.pdf.
Yigitcanlar, T., Kankanamge, N., Vella, K., How Are Smart City Concepts and Technologies Perceived and Utilized? A Systematic Geo-Twitter Analysis of Smart Cities in Australia. J. Urban Technol. 28:1–2 (2021), 135–154, 10.1080/10630732.2020.1753483.
Zvolska, L., Lehner, M., Voytenko Palgan, Y., Mont, O., Plepys, A., Urban sharing in smart cities: the cases of Berlin and London. Local Environ. 24:7 (2019), 628–645, 10.1080/13549839.2018.1463978.
