intolerance of uncertainty; cognitive processes; anxiety disorders; metacognition
Résumé :
[en] Abstract: Objective: Being a relatively recent concept, the intolerance of uncertainty
(IU) suffers from inconsistent definitions and conceptual overlap. The core objective
of the study is to clarify its clinical manifestations and its involved cognitive
processes. Method: The procedure is based on algorithms (equations of keywords)
encoded simultaneously in databases (Scopus, PubMed, and PsycArticles). Results
are filtered by the year (range of 10 years [2005–2015] because it is a recent concept)
and the relevance of abstracts. Once the studies are appraised, results are
categorized in two groups: studies which examine the IU in a clinical perspective
(relations with one or several anxiety disorders) (cluster A) and those which measure
the IU through a cognitive perspective (cognition, metacognition) (cluster B).
Results: 66 results are retrieved: 50 results concern the cluster A and 16 examine the
cluster B. The state of the IU varies between studies (e.g. predictor and mediator),
which make comparisons difficult. Notwithstanding, the IU construct seems to be
a broad transdiagnostic maintaining risk factor involved in a range of psychological
disorders. Conclusion: This clustering supported that researchers and clinicians may
benefit from incorporating IU within cognitive and computational research design
and as a specific treatment target.
Disciplines :
Psychologie cognitive & théorique
Auteur, co-auteur :
Vander Haegen, Marie ; Université de Liège - ULiège > Doct. sc. psycho. & éduc. (paysage)
Etienne, Anne-Marie ; Université de Liège > Département de Psychologie > Psychologie de la santé
Langue du document :
Anglais
Titre :
Cognitive processes across anxiety disorders related to intolerance of uncertainty: Clinical Review
Titre traduit :
[fr] Les processus cognitifs dans l'anxiété liés à l'intolérance à l'incertitude: Revue Clinique
Agheli, F., Hasanzadeh, R., & Ghasemian, D., (2013). Compare of intolerance of uncertainty among obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and healthy subjects. Journal of Novel Applied Sciences, 2, 896–899.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA:American Psychiatric Publishing.
Amir, N., Elias, J., Klumpp, H., & Przeworski, A., (2003). Attentional bias to threat in social phobia:Facilitated processing of threat or difficulty disengaging attention from threat? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1325–1335.10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00039-1
Anderson, K. G., Dugas, M. J., Koerner, N., Radomsky, A. S., Savard, P., & Turcotte, J., (2012). Interpretive style and intolerance of uncertainty in individuals with anxiety disorders:A focus on generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 823–832. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.08.003
Andreescu, C., Gross, J. J., Lenze, E., Edelman, K. D., Snyder, S., Tanase, C., & Aizenstein, H., (2011). Altered cerebral blood flow patterns associated with pathologic worry in the elderly. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 202–209.10.1002/da.v28.3
Belloch, A., Morillo, C., Luciano, J. V., García-Soriano, G., Cabedo, E., & Carrió, C., (2010). Dysfunctional belief domains related to obsessive-compulsive disorder:A further examination of their dimensionality and specificity. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13, 369–381.
Bertrams, A., Englert, C., Dickhäuser, O., & Baumeister, R. F., (2013). Role of self-control strength in the relation between anxiety and cognitive performance. Emotion, 13, 668–680.10.1037/a0031921
Blair, K. S., Geraci, M., Smith, B., Hollon, N., DeVido, J., Otero, M., … Pine, D. S., (2012). Reduced dorsal anterior cingulate cortical activity during emotional regulation and top-down attentional control in Generalized Social Phobia (GSP), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) and comorbid GSP/GAD. Biological Psychiatry, 72, 476–482. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.013
Blair, K., Shaywitz, J., Smith, B. W., Rhodes, R., Geraci, M., Jones, M., … Pine, D. S., (2008). Response to emotional expressions in generalized social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder:Evidence for separate disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1193–1202.10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071060
Boelen, P. A., & Reijntjes, A., (2009). Intolerance of uncertainty and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 130–135.10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.04.007
Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. S., (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In:R., Heimberg, D., Mennin, & C., Turk (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder:Advances in research and practice (pp. 77–108). New York, NY:Guilford Press.
Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A., (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry:Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 9–16.10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3
Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H., (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty:A common change factor in the treatment of emotional disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69, 630–645.10.1002/jclp.21965
Britton, G. I., & Davey, G. C., (2014). Interrelationships between negative mood and clinical constructs:a motivational systems approach. Frontiers in Psychopathology, 5, 1–11. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00393
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J., (2009). The role of fear of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in worry:An experimental manipulation. Behaviour Research Therapy, 47, 215–223. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.004
Byrne, S. P., Hunt, C. J., & Chang, B. P. L., (2015). Comparing the roles of ambiguity and unpredictability in intolerance of uncertainty. Behaviour Change, 32, 26–34.10.1017/bec.2014.27
Calamari, J. E., Cohen, R. J., Rector, N. A., Szacun-Shimizu, K., Riemann, B. C., & Norberg, M. M., (2006). Dysfunctional belief-based obsessive-compulsive disorder subgroups. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 1347–1360.10.1016/j.brat.2005.10.005
Calleo, J. S., Hart, J., Björgvinsson, T., & Stanley, M. A., (2010). Obsessions and worry beliefs in an inpatient OCD population. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 903–908.10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.06.015
Carleton, R. N., Duranceau, S., Freeston, M. H., Boelen, P. A., McCabe, R. E., & Antony, M. M., (2014). “But it might be a heart attack”:Intolerance of uncertainty and panic disorder symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 463–470.10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.04.006
Carleton, R. N., Fetzner, M. G., Hackl, J. L., & McEvoy, P., (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty as a contributor to fear and avoidance symptoms of panic attacks. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 42, 328–341.10.1080/16506073.2013.792100
Carleton, R. N., Mulvogue, M. K., Thibodeau, M. A., McCabe, R. E., Antony, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G., (2012). Increasingly certain about uncertainty:Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 26, 468–479.10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.011
Cisler, J. M., & Koster, E. H., (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders:An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 203–216. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003
Crittendon, J., & Hopko, D. R., (2006). Assessing worry in older and younger adults:Psychometric properties of an abbreviated Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ-A). Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20, 1036–1054.10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.11.006
Dash, S. R., & Davey, G. C. L., (2012). An experimental investigation of the role of negative mood in worry:The role of appraisals that facilitate systematic information processing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 823–831. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.12.002
Davey, G. C. L., Eldridge, F., Drost, J., & MacDonald, B. A., (2007). What ends a worry bout? An analysis of changes in mood and stop rule use during a catastrophizing task. Behaviour Research & Therapy, 45, 1231–1243.
David, D., & Szentagotai, A., (2006). Cognitions in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapies; toward an integrative model. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 284–298. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.09.003
de Quervain, D. J., & Margraf, J., (2008). Glucocorticoids for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and phobias:A novel therapeutic approach. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583, 365–371. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.068
Dugas, M. J., Burh, K., & Ladouceur, R., (2004). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in etiology and maintenance. In R. H., Heimberg, C. L., Turk, & D. S., Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder:Advances in research and practice (pp. 143–163). New York, NY:Guilford Press.
Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H., (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder:A preliminary test of a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 215–226.10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00070-3
Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R., (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry:Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 551–558.10.1023/A:1005553414688
Dugas, M. J., Hedayati, M., Karavidas, A., Buhr, K., Francis, K., & Phillips, N. A., (2005). Intolerance of uncertainty and information processing:Evidence of biased recall and interpretations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 57–70.10.1007/s10608-005-1648-9
Dugas, M. J., Savard, P., Gaudet, A., Turcotte, J., Laugesen, N., Robichaud, M., … Koerner, N., (2007). Can the components of a cognitive model predict the severity of generalized anxiety disorder? Behavior Therapy, 38, 169–178.10.1016/j.beth.2006.07.002
Dupuy, J. B., & Ladouceur, R., (2008). Cognitive processes of generalized anxiety disorder in comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22, 505–514.10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.05.010
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G., (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance:Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7, 336–353. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
Fergus, T. A., & Wu, K. D., (2013). The intolerance of uncertainty scale:Measurement invariance, population heterogeneity, and its relation with worry among self-identifying white and black respondents. Assessment, 20, 555–564. doi:10.1177/1073191112460272
Fox, E., Russo, R., Bowles, R., & Dutton, K., (2001). Do threatening stimuli draw or hold visual attention in subclinical anxiety? Journal of Experimental Psychology:General, 130, 681–700.10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.681
Freeston, M. H., Rhéaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R., (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791–802.10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5
Friedenberg, J., & Silverman, G., (2006). Cognitive science:An introduction to the study of mind. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.
García-Soriano, G., Roncero, M., Perpiñá, C., & Belloch, A., (2014). Intrusive thoughts in obsessive-compulsive disorder and eating disorder patients:A differential analysis. European Eating Disorders Review, 22, 191–199.10.1002/erv.v22.3
Garner, M., Möhler, H., Stein, D. J., Mueggler, T., & Baldwin, D. S., (2009). Research in anxiety disorders:From the bench to the bedside. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 19, 381–390.10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.01.011
Gerolimatos, L. A., & Edelstein, B. A., (2012). Anxiety-related constructs mediate the relation between age and health anxiety. Aging Mental Health, 16, 975–982. doi:10.1080/13607863.2012.688192
González, M., Ibáñez, I., & Cubas, R., (2006). Variables de proceso en la determinación de la ansiedad generalizada y su generalización a otras medidas de ansiedad y depresión. International journal of clinical and health psychology, 6, 23–39.
Gorka, S. M., Lieberman, L., Nelson, B. D., Sarapas, C., & Shankman, S. A., (2014). Aversive responding to safety signals in panic disorder:The moderating role of intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 731–736.10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.004
Greenberg, T., Carlson, J. M., Cha, J., Hajcak, G., & Mujica-Parodi, L. R., (2013). Ventromedial prefrontal cortex reactivity is altered in generalized anxiety disorder during fear generalization. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 242–250. doi:10.1002/da.22016
Grupe, D. W., & Nitschke, J. B., (2011). Uncertainty is associated with biased expectancies and heightened responses to aversion. Emotion, 11, 413–424. doi:10.1037/a0022583
Gutierrez, H. C., Hershey, D. A., & Douglas, A., (2013). Impact of retirement worry on information processing. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology and Economics, 6, 264–277. doi:10.1037/npe0000013
Hallion, L. S., & Ruscio, A., (2011). A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 940–958. doi:10.1037/a0024355
Hölzel, B. K., Hoge, E. A., Greve, D. N., Gard, T., Creswell, J. D., Brown, K. W., … Lazar, S. W., (2013). Neural mechanisms of symptom improvements in generalized anxiety disorder following mindfulness training. NeuroImage:Clinical, 2, 448–458. doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.03.011
Jacoby, R. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Buck, B. E., & Fabricant, L. E., (2014). How is the beads task related to intolerance of uncertainty in anxiety disorders? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 495–503.10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.005
Jacoby, R. J., Fabricant, L. E., Leonard, R. C., Riemann, B. C., & Abramowitz, J. S., (2013). Just to be certain:Confirming the factor structure of the intolerance of uncertainty scale in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 535–542.10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.07.008
Kaiser, B., Bouvard, M., & Milliery, M., (2010). Washing, checking, and rumination:Are the belief domains, obsessions and compulsions specific to OCD subtypes? Encephale, 36, 54–61.10.1016/j.encep.2008.09.003
Kertz, S. J., Stevens, K. T., McHugh, R. K., & Björgvinsson, T., (2015). Distress intolerance and worry:the mediating role of cognitive variables. Anxiety, Stress & Coping:An International Journal, 28, 408–424. doi:10.1080/10615806.2014.974571
Khawaja, N. G., McMahon, J., & Strodl, E., (2011). Intolerance of uncertainty and meta-worry:Relative importance in discriminating GAD. Behaviour Change, 28, 181–194. doi:10.1375/bech.28.4.181
Kobori, A., Salkovskis, P. M., Read, J., Lounes, N., & Wong, V., (2012). A qualitative study of the investigation of reassurance seeking in obsessive—Compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1, 25–32. doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2011.09.001
Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J., (2008). An investigation of appraisals in individuals vulnerable to excessive worry:The role of intolerance of uncertainty. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32, 619–638.10.1007/s10608-007-9125-2
Laposa, J. M., Collimore, K. C., Hawley, L. L., & Rector, N. A., (2015). Distress tolerance in OCD and anxiety disorders, and its relationship with anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 33, 8–14. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.04.003
Lee, J. K., Orsillo, S. M., Roemer, L., & Allen, L. B., (2010). Distress and avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder:Exploring the relationships with intolerance of uncertainty and worry. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 39, 126–136. doi:10.1080/16506070902966918
Luhmann, C. C., Ishida, K., & Hajcak, G., (2011). Intolerance of uncertainty and decisions about delayed, probabilistic rewards. Behaviour Therapy, 42, 378–386. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2010.09.002
MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A., (2012). Cognitive bias modification approaches to anxiety. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 189–217. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143052
Mahoney, A. E. J., & McEvoy, P. M., (2011). Trait versus situation-specific intolerance of uncertainty in a clinical sample with anxiety and depressive disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 26–39. doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.622131
Mahoney, A. E. J., & McEvoy, P. M., (2012). A transdiagnostic examination of intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depressive disorders. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 41, 212–222. doi:10.1080/16506073.2011.622130
Manber Ball, T., Ramsawh, H. J., CampbellSills, L., Paulus, M. P., & Stein, M. B., (2013). Prefrontal dysfunction during emotion regulation in generalized anxiety and panic disorders. Psychological Medicine, 1, 1–12. doi:10.1017/S0033291712002383
Mathews, A., (1990). Why worry? A cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 455–468.10.1016/0005-7967(90)90132-3
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C., (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167–195. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916
McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A. E., (2012). To be sure, to be sure:Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression. Behavior Therapy, 43, 533–545.10.1016/j.beth.2011.02.007
McEvoy, P. M., & Mahoney, A., (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty and negative metacognitive beliefs as transdiagnostic mediators of repetitive negative thinking in a clinical sample with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 27, 216–224.10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.01.006
Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., Turk, C. L., & Fresco, D. M., (2005). Preliminary evidence for an emotion dysregulation model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1281–1310. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.008
Mitte, K., (2008). Memory bias for threatening information in anxiety and anxiety disorders:A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 886–911.10.1037/a0013343
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P., (1998). A cognitive motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 809–848.10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00063-1
Nelson, B. D., & Shankman, S. A., (2011). Does intolerance of uncertainty predict anticipatory startle responses to uncertain threat? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81, 107–115. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.05.003
Nelson, B. D., Shankman, S. A., & Proudfit, G. H., (2014). Intolerance of uncertainty mediates reduced reward anticipation in major depressive disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 158, 108–113.10.1016/j.jad.2014.02.014
Nitschke, J. B., Sarinopoulos, I., Oathes, D. J., Johnstone, T., Whalen, P. J., Davidson, R. J., & Kalin, N. H., (2009). Anticipatory activation in the amygdala and anterior cingulate in generalized anxiety disorder and prediction of treatment response. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 302–310.10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07101682
Norr, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Capron, D. W., Raines, A. M., Korte, K. J., & Schmidt, N. B., (2013). Evaluating the unique contribution of intolerance of uncertainty relative to other cognitive vulnerability factors in anxiety psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151, 136–142.10.1016/j.jad.2013.05.063
Ottaviani, C., Borlimi, R., Brighetti, G., Caselli, G., Favaretto, E., Giardini, I., … Sassaroli, S., (2014). Worry as an adaptive avoidance strategy in healthy controls but not in pathological worriers. International Journal of Psychophysiological, 93, 349–355. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.05.010
Palm, M. E., Elliott, R., McKie, S., Deakin, J. F. W., & Anderson, I. M., (2011). Attenuated responses to emotional expressions in women with generalized anxiety disorder. Psychological Medicine, 41, 1009–1018. doi:10.1017/S0033291710001455
Paulesu, E., Sambugaro, E., Torti, T., Danelli, L., Ferri, F., Scialfa, G., … Sassaroli, S., (2010). Neural correlates of worry in generalized anxiety disorder and in normal controls:A functional MRI study. Psychological Medicine, 40, 117–124.10.1017/S0033291709005649
Pawluk, E. J., & Koerner, N., (2013). A preliminary investigation of impulsivity in generalized anxiety disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 732–737.10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.027
Prencipe, A., Kesek, A., Cohen, J., Lamm, C., Lewis, M., & Zelazo, P., (2011). Development of hot and cool executive function during the transition to adolescence. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 621–637.10.1016/j.jecp.2010.09.008
Radomsky, A. S., Ashbaugh, A. R., & Gelfand, L. A., (2007). Relationships between anger, symptoms and cognitive factors in OCD checkers. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2712–2725.10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.009
Reuther, E. T., Davis, T. E., Rudy, B. M., Jenkins, W. S., Whiting, S. E., & May, A. C., (2013). Intolerance of uncertainty as a mediator of the relationship between perfectionism and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 773–777. doi:10.1002/da.22100
Robichaud, M., (2013). Cognitive behavior therapy targeting intolerance of uncertainty:Application to a clinical case of generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20, 251–263.10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.09.001
Robinson, O. J., Vytal, K., Cornwell, B. R., & Grillon, C., (2013). The impact of anxiety upon cognition:perspectives from human threat of shock studies. Frontiers in Human Neurosciences, 7, 1–21. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00203
Rosen, N. O., Ivanova, E., & Knäuper, B., (2013). Differentiating intolerance of uncertainty from three related but distinct constructs. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 27, 55–73.
Ruggiero, G. M., Stapinski, L., Caselli, G., Fiore, F., Gallucci, M., Sassaroli, S., & Rapee, R. M., (2012). Beliefs over control and meta-worry interact with the effect of intolerance of uncertainty on worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 224–230. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.03.016
Sternheim, L., Konstantellou, A., Startup, H., & Schmidt, U., (2011). What does uncertainty mean to women with anorexia nervosa? An interpretative phenomenological analysis. European Eating Disorders Review, 19, 12–24.10.1002/erv.v19.1
Taylor, S., McKay, D., & Abramowitz, J., (2005). Hierarchical structure of dysfunctional beliefs in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34, 216–228.10.1080/16506070510041167
van der Heiden, C., Melchior, K., Muris, P., Bouwmeester, S., Bos, A. E. R., & van der Molen, H. T., (2010). A hierarchical model for the relationships between general and specific vulnerability factors and symptom levels of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 284–289.10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.12.005
Wells, A., (2000). Emotional disorders and metacognition:Innovative cognitive therapy. Chichester:Wiley.
Wells, A., (2007). Cognition about cognition:Metacognitive therapy and change in generalized anxiety disorder and social phobia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14, 18–25. doi:1077-7229/07/18-25$1.00/0
Wells, A., & Matthews, G., (1994). Attention and emotion:A clinical perspective. Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.
Whalen, P. J., Johnstone, T., Somerville, L. H., Nitschke, J. B., Polis, S., Alexander, A. L., … Kalin, N. H., (2008). A functional magnetic resonance imaging predictor of treatment response to venlafaxine in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 63, 858–863.10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.019
Williams, A. D., & Grisham, J. R., (2013). Cognitive bias modification (CBM) of obsessive-compulsive beliefs. BMC Psychiatry, 13, 256. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-13-256
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A., (1997). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. New York, NY:Wiley.
Yiend, J., & Mathews, A., (2001). Anxiety and attention to threatening pictures. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A, 665–681.10.1080/713755991
Yook, K., Kim, K. H., Suh, S. Y., & Lee, K. S., (2010). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and rumination in major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 623–628.10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.04.003
Zentner, M., & Bates, J. E., (2008). Child temperament:An integrative review of concepts, research programs, and measures. European Journal of Developmental Sciences, 2, 7–37.
Zlomke, K. R., & Jeter, K. M., (2014). Stress and worry:Examining intolerance of uncertainty’s moderating effect. Anxiety, Stress & Coping:An International Journal, 27, 202–215. doi:10.1080/10615806.2013.835400