Publications and communications of Elisabeth Paul

Paul, E., Brown, G. W., Ridde, V., & Sturmberg, J. P. (29 March 2024). Who is “anti-science”? Public Health in Practice, 7, 100493. doi:10.1016/j.puhip.2024.100493

Gnammou, J., Paul, E., & Bourgeois, M. (November 2023). Organised sessions. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 28 (S1), 369-389. doi:10.1111/tmi.13932

Tapsoba, Y., Ndokabilya, E., Wema, J.-C., Engels, T., & Paul, E. (17 October 2023). Cartographie et analyse du financement de la santé dans la province du Sud-Kivu (RDC). Santé Publique: Revue Multidisciplinaire pour la Recherche et l'Action, 35 (3), 315 - 328. doi:10.3917/spub.233.0315

Sturmberg, J., Ridde, V., Brown, G. W., & Paul, E. (2023). Health System Resilience—The Foundation For Pandemic Preparedness. Health Affairs: the Policy Journal of the Health Sphere. doi:10.1377/forefront.20230710.604743

Bell, D., Brown, G. W., Oyibo, W. A., Ouédraogo, S., Tacheva, B., Barbaud, E., Kalk, A., Ridde, V., & Paul, E. (2023). COVAX – Time to reconsider the strategy and its target. Health Policy OPEN, 100096. doi:10.1016/j.hpopen.2023.100096

Makali Lwamushi, S., Karemere, H., Banywesize, R., Molima Eboma, C., Mwene-Batu, P., Lembebu, C., Ferrari, G., Paul, E., Bisimwa Balaluka, G., & Donnen, P. (2023). Adaptive Mechanisms of Health Zones to Chronic Traumatics Events in Eastern DRC: A Mul-tiple Case Study. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2023.8001

Ridde, V., Gaye, I., Ventelou, B., Paul, E., & Faye, A. (2023). Mandatory membership of community-based mutual health insurance in Senegal: A national survey. PLOS Global Public Health, 3 (9), 0001859. doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001859

Vermeulen, N.* , Guyomarch, M.* , Jidovtseff, B., Oleffe, A., Labat, A., & Paul, E. (January 2023). Expectations and disappointments relative to COVID-19 passes: Results from a voluntary mixed-method study in French-speaking Belgium. IJID Regions, 6, 146-151. doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.01.010

Kalk, A., Sturmberg, J., Van Damme, W., Brown, G. W., Ridde, V., Zizi, M., & Paul, E. (10 October 2022). Surfing Corona waves – instead of breaking them: Rethinking the role of natural immunity in COVID-19 policy. F1000Research, 11, 337. doi:10.12688/f1000research.110593.2

Gbenonsi, G. Y., Labat, A., Oleffe, A., Jidovsteff, B., Servais, O., Vermeulen, N., & Paul, E. (01 September 2022). Factors Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination Among Individuals With Vaccine Hesitancy in French-Speaking Belgium. JAMA Network Open, 5 (9), 2234433. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.34433

Bell, D., & Paul, E. (28 March 2022). Vaccine equity or health equity? Journal of Global Health Economics and Policy, e2022005. doi:10.52872/001c.33666

Paul, E., & Ridde, V. (2022). Le financement basé sur les résultats (FBR) en Afrique - Mise en débat d’un modèle voyageur. Revue Internationale des Etudes du Développement, (248), 169-204. doi:10.4000/ried.334

Hounkpe Dos Santos, B., Aïna, A., Kpozehouen, A., Glele Ahanhanzo, Y., Daddah, D., Coppieters, Y., & Paul, E. (2022). Évaluation de la mise en œuvre de la sécurité routière au Bénin en 2019. Santé Publique: Revue Multidisciplinaire pour la Recherche et l'Action, 33 (5), 763-778. doi:10.3917/spub.215.0763

Sturmberg, J., Paul, E., Van Damme, W., Ridde, V., Brown, G. W., & Kalk, A. (November 2021). The danger of the single storyline obfuscating the complexities of managing SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, n/a (n/a). doi:10.1111/jep.13640

Sossa, O., Zeba, M., Zizien, Z. R., Fallon, C., Tubeuf, S., & Paul, E. (29 September 2021). Evaluation challenges and innovative evaluation methods to improve the governance of health systems in Western Africa [Paper presentation]. 12th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health.

Pardo Iniesta, V., Soro, D., Rona, A., Amani, M., Labat, A., Bossyns, P., & Paul, E. (28 September 2021). Revitalizing the health system in Niger: pilot reform experiences enabling to progress towards strategic purchasing [Paper presentation]. 12th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health.

Paul, E., Aikpitanyi, J., Badiane, M. C., Samba, M., Sambieni, N. K. E., & Bourgeois, M. (28 September 2021). Building strong and effective institutions to achieve UHC in Western Africa [Paper presentation]. 12th European Conference on Tropical Medicine and International Health.

Souratié, W. D. M., Sossa, O., & Paul, E. (May 2021). Étude exploratoire de la pratique évaluative dans le domaine de la santé au Burkina Faso. Revue canadienne d’évaluation de programme, 36 (1). doi:10.3138/cjpe.70235

Musango, L., Veerapa-Mangroo, L., Joomaye, Z., Ghurbhurrun, A., Vythelingam, V., & Paul, E. (2021). Key success factors of Mauritius in the fight against COVID-19. BMJ Global Health, 6 (3 e005372). doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005372

Paul, E., Bodson, O., & Ridde, V. (2021). What theories underpin performance-based financing? A scoping review. Journal of Health Organization and Management, ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print). doi:10.1108/JHOM-04-2020-0161

Paul, E., Brown, G. W., Dechamps, M., Kalk, A., Laterre, P.-F., Rentier, B., Ridde, V., & Zizi, M. (2021). Covid-19: An extra-terrestrial disease? International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.051

Paul, E., Brown, G., Ensor, T., Ooms, G., van de Pas, R., & Ridde, V. (2021). We shouldn’t count chickens before they hatch: results-based financing and the challenges of cost-effectiveness analysis. Critical Public Health. doi:10.1080/09581596.2019.1707774

Paul, E., Brown, G. W., Kalk, A., & Ridde, V. (2021). Playing vaccine roulette: Why the current strategy of staking everything on Covid-19 vaccines is a high-stakes wager. Vaccine. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.07.045

Paul, E., Sambiéni, N. K. E., Wangbe, J.-P., Fecher-Bourgeois, F., & Bourgeois, M. (05 September 2020). Budgeting challenges on the path towards universal health coverage: the case of Benin. Health Economics Review, 10 (1), 28. doi:10.1186/s13561-020-00286-9

Paul, E. (01 July 2020). La crise du Covid-19: réflexions, perspectives, défis et opportunités pour l’Afrique [Paper presentation]. Conférence individuelle à l'Ecole Régionale Postuniversitaire d’Aménagement et de Gestion intégrés des Forêts et Territoires tropicaux (ERAIFT), Kinshasa, Congo - Kinshasa.

Paul, E., Brown, G. W., & Ridde, V. (2020). Misunderstandings and ambiguities in strategic purchasing in low- and middle-income countries. The International journal of health planning and management. doi:10.1002/hpm.3019

Paul, E., Brown, G., & Ridde, V. (2020). COVID-19: time for paradigm shift in the nexus between local, national and global health. BMJ Global Health, 5:e002622. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002622

Paul, E., & Ridde, V. (2020). Évaluer les effets des différentes mesures de lutte contre le Covid-19, mission impossible? ORBi-University of Liège. https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/249701.

Paul, E., Fecher-Bourgeois, F., Deville, C., Ndiaye, Y., Sall, F. L., Sambieni, N. K. E., Meloni, R., & Porignon, D. (2020). Long Way to Universal Health Coverage (UHC): Are Policy Dialogue Processes Appropriate to Negotiate Trade-Offs in Africa? The Cases of Benin and Senegal. ORBi-University of Liège. https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/247112.

Paul, E., Brown, G. W., Kalk, A., Van Damme, W., Ridde, V., & Sturmberg, J. (2020). “When My Information Changes, I Alter My Conclusions.” What Can We Learn From the Failures to Adaptively Respond to the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and the Under Preparedness of Health Systems to Manage COVID-19? International Journal of Health Policy and Management. doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2020.240

Paul, E., Ndiaye, Y., Sall, F. L., Fecher-Bourgeois, F., & Porignon, D. (2020). An assessment of the core capacities of the Senegalese health system to deliver Universal Health Coverage. Health Policy OPEN, 100012. doi:10.1016/j.hpopen.2020.100012

Paul, E., Deville, C., Bodson, O., Sambieni, N. K. E., Thiam, I., Bourgeois, M., Ridde, V., & Fecher-Bourgeois, F. (December 2019). How is equity approached in universal health coverage? An analysis of global and country policy documents in Benin and Senegal. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18 (195). doi:10.1186/s12939-019-1089-9

Ndiaye, Y., Sall, F. L., Fecher-Bourgeois, F., Porignon, D., & Paul, E. (19 September 2019). For Universal Health Coverage to happen, health systems need to be strengthened: The case of Senegal [Paper presentation]. 11th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Paul, E., Ridde, V., & Brown, G. W. (19 September 2019). Strategic purchasing for health: conceptual and implementation challenges in low- and middleincome countries [Paper presentation]. 11th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Oleffe, A., Paul, E., & Mahieu, C. (18 September 2019). The place of the “pharmacy” and “drug sellers” in LMICs: a scoping review [Paper presentation]. 11th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Paul, E., Bodson, O., & Ridde, V. (18 September 2019). Performance-based financing is not backed by credible theoretical justifications [Poster presentation]. 11th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Paul, E., Wangbe, J.-P., Fecher-Bourgeois, F., & Bourgeois, M. (18 September 2019). Fiscal challenges on the path towards universal health coverage in Benin [Poster presentation]. 11th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Bodson, O., & Paul, E. (17 September 2019). What can behavioural change analysis bring to the comprehensive understanding of performance-based financing sustainability? Exploration through the application of the I-change model on the case of Benin [Paper presentation]. 11th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Paul, E. (23 October 2018). Private healthcare providers and PHC: gateway to marketization or untapped potential to strengthen PHC? [Paper presentation]. 40 years after Alma-Ata -- Primary health care in 2018 and beyond, in South and North, Belgium.

Paul, E., Bodson, O., & Ridde, V. (12 October 2018). Performance-based financing (PBF) in low- and middle-income countries: What is the theory of change, actually? [Poster presentation]. Fifth Global Symposium on Health Systems Research: Advancing health systems for all in the SDG era.

Paul, E. (11 October 2018). How public financial management systems and procurement rules can contribute to facilitate progress towards UHC [Paper presentation]. Fifth symposium on health systems research, United Kingdom.

Bodson, O., Sambieni, N. K. E., Eclou, D., Ridde, V., Fecher-Bourgeois, F., & Paul, E. (09 October 2018). Are pilot programmes able to give rise to sustainable health system effects? The case of performance-based financing in Benin [Paper presentation]. 5th Global Symposium on Health Systems Research, Liverpool, United Kingdom.

Paul, E., & Ridde, V. (July 2018). Oser remettre en question un modèle voyageur ? Le cas du financement basé sur les résultats (FBR) en Afrique [Paper presentation]. Cinquièmes Rencontres des Études Africaines en France, Marseille, France.

Ridde, V., Gautier, L., Turcotte-Tremblay, A.-M., Sieleunou, I., & Paul, E. (2018). Performance-Based Financing in Africa: Time to Test Measures for Equity. International Journal of Health Services. doi:10.1177/0020731418779508

Paul, E., Sieleunou, I., & Ridde, V. (March 2018). Comment utiliser l’expérience de financement basé sur les résultats (FBR) pour rendre l’achat des services de santé plus stratégique au Bénin? Cahiers Réalisme, 15.

Bodson, O., Paul, E., Ridde, V., & Fecher-Bourgeois, F. (2018). Mind the gap. Analyse de la mise en œuvre du « FBR-demande » au Sénégal et appréhension des écarts d’implantation et normatifs [Paper presentation]. Rencontres des études africaines en France (REAF), Marseille, France.

Paul, E., Albert, L., Bisala, B. N. S., & Ridde, V. (January 2018). Performance-based financing in low-income and middle-income countries: isn’t it time for a rethink? BMJ Global Health, 3:e000664. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000664

Paul, E., Dramé, M. L., Kashala, J.-P., Ekambi Ndema, A., Kounnou, M., Aïssan, J. C., & Gyselinck, K. (2018). Performance-Based Financing to Strengthen the Health System in Benin: Challenging the Mainstream Approach. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 7 (1), 35-47. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.42

Paul, E., Fecher-Bourgeois, F., Meloni, R., & Van Lerberghe, W. (2018). Universal Health Coverage in Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessment of Global Health Experts' Confidence in Policy Options. Global Health, Science and Practice. doi:10.9745/GHSP-D-18-00001

Paul, E., & Renmans, D. (2018). Performance-Based Financing in the heath sector in low- and middle-income countries: Is there anything whereof it may be said, See, this is new? International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 33 (1), 51-66. doi:10.1002/hpm.2409

Paul, E. (October 2017). PBF in Benin: Lack of ownership, capitalisation of experience, and sustainability [Paper presentation]. 10th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health (ECTMIH).

Sambieni, N. K. E., Eclou, S. D., Sossouhounto, N., & Paul, E. (2017). Le financement basé sur les résultats en matière de santé maternelle : Lorsque l’arbre cache la forêt. In S. Yaya, Risquer la mort pour donner la vie – Politiques et programmes de santé maternelle et infantile en Afrique (pp. 95-114). Canada: Presses de l’Université Laval.

Paul, E., Badarou, S., Bodson, O., Fecher-Bourgeois, F., Kashala, J.-P., & Dramé, M. L. (2017). Matrices d’indicateurs et de mesures des deux modèles de FBR au Bénin. Chaire Réalisme - Note de politique.

Paul, E., & Dramé, M. L. (2017). Le FBR doit être mieux intégré avec les différentes stratégies, réformes et activités du secteur de la santé au Bénin. Chaire Réalisme - Note de politique.

Paul, E., Kashala, J.-P., Sokegbe, S., & Dramé, M. L. (2017). Harmonisation et rationalisation du FBR en vue de sa pérennisation au Bénin. Chaire Réalisme - Note de politique.

Bodson, O., Fecher-Bourgeois, F., & Paul, E. (2017). Looking a gift horse in the mouth: When PBF subsidies eventually demotivate, the case of Senegal [Paper presentation]. 10th European Congress on Tropical Medicine and International Health (ECTMIH), Antwerp, Belgium.

Paul, E., Bodson, O., Ridde, V., & Fecher-Bourgeois, F. (2016). La couverture santé universelle dans les pays à revenus faibles et intermédiaires : analyses économiques. Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique, 1. doi:10.3917/rpve.551.0057

Paul, E. (May 2015). Performance-Based Aid: Why it will probably not meet promises. Development Policy Review, 33 (3). doi:10.1111/dpr.12115

Devahive, E., Paul, E., Samaké, S., Berthe Issa, Yattara, M., & Poncelet, M. (2015). Stakeholder incentives and aid effectiveness: A case study in the health district of Kayes in Mali. Journal of Development Studies. doi:10.1080/00220388.2014.976619

Paul, E., Sossouhounto, N., & Eclou, D. (September 2014). Local Stakeholders’ Perceptions About the Introduction of Performance-Based Financing in Benin: A Case Study in Two Health Districts. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 3. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2014.93

Paul, E., Porignon, D., Dujardin Bruno, Martini Jessica, & Zinnen, V. (2014). Comment on : “Do Sector-Wide Approaches for health aid delivery lead to ‘donorflight’? A comparison of 46 low-income countries” by Rohan Sweeney, Duncan Mortimer, and David W. Johnston [letter to the editor]. Social Science and Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.040

Contor, J., Maccatory, B., & Paul, E. (2013). La pratique évaluative dans la coopération belge : constats et perspectives. ORBi-University of Liège. https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/163420.

Paul, E., Eclou, D., Sossouhounto, N., Nakoulma, F., & Berthé Issa Bara, I. (2013). L'efficacité de l'aide en santé en Afrique de l'Ouest: maintenant plus que jamais. Global Health Promotion. doi:10.1177/1757975913502687

Paul, E., Samaké, S., Berthé Issa Bara, I., Huijts, I., Balique, H., & Dujardin, B. (2013). Aid for health in times of political unrest in Mali: Does donors' way of intervening allow protecting people's health? Health Policy and Planning. doi:10.1093/heapol/czt082

Paul, E., Ireland, M., Martini, J., Zinnen, V., Ronse, I., Samaké, S., & Dujardin, B. (2013). Results from the implementation of aid effectiveness principles in the health sector in Mali. Journal of Public Health Policy, 34. doi:10.1057/jphp.2012.64

Paul, E., Akpamoli, A., Ba, A. D., Nitièma, A., & Samaké, S. (01 November 2012). Developing national health sector monitoring and accountability platforms. The opportunity of IHP+ in Benin, Burkina Faso, Mali and Senegal [Paper presentation]. Second Global Symposium on Health Systems Research, Beijing, China.

Paul, E., & Vandeninden, F. (2012). Foreign Aid Transaction Costs: What are they and when are they minimised? Development Policy Review, 30 (3). doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00577.x

Zinnen, V., Paul, E., Mwisongo, A., Nyato, D., & Robert, A. (2012). Motivation of human resources for health: a case study at rural district level in Tanzania. International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 27 (4), 327-347. doi:10.1002/hpm.2117

Paul, E. (2011). Documenting results of efforts to improve health aid effectiveness: Mali case study.

Martini, J., Paul, E., Ireland, M., & Dujardin, B. (09 October 2011). The evaluation of the Paris declaration on aid effectiveness: what does it tell us? What results for the health sector? Tropical Medicine and International Health, 16 (S1), 331.

Paul, E., Berthé, I., & Samaké, S. (October 2011). Comparative analysis of two different approaches to putting IHP+ into practice: Mali and Benin [Paper presentation]. 7th European Congress on Tropical Medicine & International Health.

Paul, E., Ireland, M., Martini, J., Zinnen, V., Ronse, I., Samaké, S., & Dujardin, B. (October 2011). What results can be expected from the agenda for aid effectiveness? [Paper presentation]. 7th European Congress on Tropical Medicine & International Health, Barcelone, Spain.

Ireland, M., Paul, E., & Dujardin, B. (September 2011). Can performance-based financing be used to reform health systems in developing countries? Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89 (9), 695-698. doi:10.2471/BLT.11.087379

Paul, E. (May 2011). L'appui budgétaire est-il une solution pour le financement du secteur de la santé dans les pays en développement? [Paper presentation]. 3rd International Conference on Health Financing in Developing and Emerging Countries, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

Paul, E. (2011). Documenting the results of implementing aid effectiveness principles in the health sector - Benin case study. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.

Paul, E. (2010). Motivating Civil Servants for Reform and Performance. ‘Capacity is Development’ Research Series.

Paul, E., Dujardin, B., Ireland, M., & Martini, J. (2010). Improved Aid Effectiveness but Waiting for Results: What are the Missing Links? [Paper presentation]. First Global Symposium on Health Systems Research, Montreux, Switzerland.

Paul, E., & Samaké, S. (2010). Developing the HRH Policy and Plan in Mali [Paper presentation]. Responsible Governance for Improved Human Resources for Health – Making the Right Choices.

Paul, E., Laokri, S., & Robert, A. (September 2009). SWAps in motion: Lessons from case studies in six African countries. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 14 (Supplement 2), 18.

Paul, E., & Faye, O. (2009). La Coopération au Développement répond à l’impact de la crise financière et économique sur les pays africains à bas revenu – Etude de cas du Sénégal. Bruxelles, Belgium: Direction générale de Coopération au Développement.

Samaké, S., & Paul, E. (2009). L'approche sectorielle dans le domaine de la santé au Mali. In S. Samaké & E. Paul, L'approche sectorielle dans le domaine de la santé au Mali. Coopération technique belge.

Zinnen, V., Laokri, S., & Paul, E. (2009). Vers un nouveau paradigme de l'aide au développement: l'approche sectorielle en santé, quels constats? In H. Sanni Yaya (Ed.), Le défi de l'équité et de l'accessibilité en santé dans le tiers-monde (pp. 329-349). L'Harmattan.

Paul, C., Paul, E., & Zinnen, V. (2008). Health SWAps: for a sustainable development of healthcare systems in low-income countries. In P. Cholewka & M. Motlagh (Eds.), Health Capital and Sustainable Socioeconomic Development (pp. 191-215). Taylor & Francis.

Bergamaschi, I., Diabaté, A., & Paul, E. (2007). L’agenda de Paris pour l’efficacité de l’aide. Défis de l’« appropriation » et nouvelles modalités de l’aide au Mali. Afrique Contemporaine, 223-224.

Leruth, L., & Paul, E. (2007). A Principal-Agent Theory Approach to Public Expenditure Management Systems in Developing Countries. OECD Journal on Budgeting, 7 (3).

Paul, E. (2007). La gestion des agences publiques en Afrique subsaharienne. Quelques leçons apportées par la théorie des incitants. In J. Nizet & F. Pichault, Les performances des organisations africaines. Pratiques de gestion en contexte incertain. Paris, France: L'Harmattan.

Paul, E., & Robinson, M. (2007). Performance Budgeting, Motivation and Incentives. In M. Robinson, Performance Budgeting: Linking Funding and Results. International Monetary Fund & Palgrave/McMillan.

Paul, E. (2006). Improving Public Outcomes in Developing Countries. Application of Incentive Theory to Foreign Aid and Public Resource Management [Doctoral thesis, ULiège - Université de Liège]. ORBi-University of Liège. https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/140357

Dabla-Norris, E., & Paul, E. (2006). What Transparency Can Do When Incentives Fail: An Analysis of Rent Capture. IMF Working Paper, 06/146.

Leruth, L., & Paul, E. (2006). A Principal-Agent Theory Approach to Public Expenditure Management Systems in Developing Countries. IMF Working Paper, 06/204.

Paul, E. (2006). Lessons from Principal-Agent Theory for Public Expenditure Management in Pacific Island Countries. Pacific Economic Bulletin, 21 (2).

Paul, E. (2006). A Survey of the Theoretical Economic Literature on Foreign Aid. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, 20 (1), 1-17. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8411.2006.00175.x

Paul, E., & Porignon, D. (2005). Approche Sectorielle Santé au Rwanda: rapport d'une mission exploratoire.

Paul, E. (2005). The evaluation of Fair Trade as a Development Project– Methodological Considerations. Development in Practice, 15 (2), 134-150.

Paul, E. (June 2003). Ownership vs. Accountability, ou le contrôle des fonds de l’aide au développement. Reflets et Perspectives de la Vie Economique, XLII (2), 29-43. doi:10.3917/rpve.422.0029